Md. Wasim Aktar Deptt. Of Agril. Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal state in India. Muslim scholars and studied heavily on the fundamental questions of physics. For example, Ibn Sina made a comprehensive study of these phenomena and the force and motion, light, heat, vacuum, etc. The significant progress in theoretical and applied mechanics. Has been done useful work in the field of mechanics at the wheel and axle, lever, pulley, inclined plane, windmill, water wheel, and gear, and so on. Physicist and astronomer al-Qaeda Khazini to write a book on mechanics, fluid physics, called the Book of Allah and the Balance of Wisdom (Book of the Balance of Wisdom), which is in the Middle Ages most prominent works on these subjects. It gives the force of gravity theory of the Earth (gravity), a world power, which drew in the center of the universe, which was supposed at that time to the center of the Earth. Includes tables of density of liquids and solids many (based on the work of the Peronist base), and history of this subject, and the severity of the air; comments on capillarity, using a scale to measure the air density and estimate the temperature of liquids, and the theory of the lever, and the application of balance and smoothness of measuring time. Analysis and excerpts from this book and published in both Arabic and English. (A) Another book on balance Khazini stresses the need to remove, where possible, the effects of fluctuations in temperature on the roads. In other studies, is Khazini, it seems that the introduction of Galileo. The full name of Abdul Rahman Khazini Abdel-Rahman Abu al-Fath al-Mansur Khazini (or storer). It flourished around 1115-1121. The Greek (Rumi) slave. Settled a woman on the base-Khazen Marwazi for quality education, scientific and philosophical in quartz. And the astronomical tables called Al Khazen the complex rule base rule, Sinjari Mu’tabar they (the value tables Sinjaric), which is named after the owner’s son Alp Arslan bin Sinjar Shah, the ruler and the Sultan later Khorasan (1097-1098 to 1157-58). It gives the position of the stars for the years 1115-1116. Khazini ago, Omar Khayyam, the greatest work on the balance sheet. Contributed to Ibn Sina and Al-Razi to the theory of balance. Books sons of Moses (the sons of Moses), who lived during the reign of Caliph al-Ma’mun, and mechanical work are many. He pointed out that the important work in the statement attributed Farastün ‘or’ Qarastun them. Al-Razi (d. 923-24) on the investigations intensity hydrostatic balance. This was the name of the balance balance Tabi’i (physical stock). (February) Mohammed bin Ali bin Rustam Khorasani, creator of the famous bells, and so was Al Sa’ati (Mira in the organization). Between 1146 and 1169 built on the clock and put in the door Jairün. (Often called ‘issues at the door, the door of the clock). Al has been responsible for Sa’äti hours until his death in 1184-1185. (3) Another Muslim officer of the century 13th, Abu Ismail bin Isa aerosol (the son of a merchant rice) Badi’al Zaman, island. The source of inspiration for e 601-602 577-578 1181-1182 1205-1206 to Milan, by the rulers of Diyarbakir Urtuqid, in the area of the island. He wrote a thesis on the knowledge of mechanical engineering-fi book of the law of each Hiyal Ma’rifat Handsiyyah, which was dedicated to Urtuqid Nasir al-Din Mahmud (reigned 1200-1222). It deals primarily with the hydraulic equipment (elepsydras, fountains, etc.). This important work is interesting to technical point of view, and represents the best of the Arab Labor Applied Mechanics. It is divided into six parts. Part I deals with different types of points elepsydras hours or equal time is the key. Muslims today are divided in the afternoon hours on an equal footing. But have another type of division. They divided the day and night in each twelve hours of different lengths depending on the season. Also used this type of hours by the Christians in Europe (e) and (g) of Italy, until the mid-18 century. Book has been translated into German, and comments on which was written as well. (4) Sä’ãti son of Dr. Radwan restore and improve the clock, and also wrote the book describes the construction and use. This book is an important resource for the study of early Islamic hours. Radwan was an engineer, doctor and poet, and had knowledge of literature and music. He played the flute. It belonged originally to Khorasan. He was appointed by the Minister Fayez Ayyubid Prince Ibrahim al-Jaafari and his brother Issa holy. Radwan also wrote an article on Ibn Sina, in addition to grapes, and commentary on his own and open a new chapter (December). (5) The Caesar bin Abu Qasim, the Egyptian mathematician, astronomer (d. 1251) in the world religions. It’s probably the improvements to the water wheels and watermills. Continue to promote these types of water wheels to be seen on the River Orontes, and belongs to the glory of Hama. Built a water wheel (naura) family of Taqi al-Din Mahmud Muzaffar, Governor of Hama Italy 1229-1244 (June) Refuted the philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi and a vacuum. He wrote a wonderful essay on the flexibility in the air. It’s a piece of original research. (7) Muslim scholars took interest in determining the specific gravity of various materials. Mr. Ali bin support, a world of the nineteenth century, and investigations into density. Determine the density al-Biruni 18 precious stones and precious metals. Ibn Sina and Al-Razi Research is also in this subject. Ben Younes (deceased in 1009), that the pendulum to measure time. Al-Biruni invented a time machine based on the Roman calendar. He built it for use in the mosque of Ghazni. The imam of the mosque but refused to say that it was based on non-Muslim action. In al-Biruni was deeply troubled. He said that saving time is a purely secular matter. It is therefore of little value if it is based on the Islamic calendar, or non-Muslim. Should be considered in the comfort only. The Peronist to a particular form of wells that have been obtained by digging the ground for this level of water is referred to as hydrostatic pressure in this case because the upward pressure of the water-driven as in the natural sources. That the right of those wells in accordance with the principle of communicating vessels. (8) Developed methods of Muslims in the shower. They built a hot bath, steam room and called (from the Arabic root meaning of the important heat). And display when the European crusaders came to the east and experience the comforts of these baths, and they have in their country. Muslims were the first property of the direction of the magnetic needle that apply to determine the direction of their journey while traveling in the sea. The Chinese were the first to discover this feature. And gave the maritime trade between the Muslims great importance to the southern tip of the needle from the north where they are these days. Perhaps this was because in some places, such as Syria and Asia Minor on the southern tip pointed towards Mecca. Until the end of the needle, and the general direction of the Qiblah. In the West the compass was first used by Italian sailors. We have noted some of the Muslims on the compass in their writings. He described, for example, Al Bailak Qabajaqi in his book entitled Al treasure Ahjär using a compass, which saw him floating in the L 242-43. (9) ”The Muslims were also the first who invented guns and cannons, and the use of explosive materials in it. The aim of the present invention is to throw bullets at the enemy from a long distance. The use of Chinese just sodium nitrate. But it was discovering the power of penetration of the explosives and benefited from the Muslims only. Chroniclers to write in in the first place, and used all the weapons in the war Cressi, but from the writings of many Muslims showed that guns had been used since a long time. in one of these scripts is the story that some governor named Jacob besieged in 602 AH (1205), Africa Mehdra city under rebel control, the office manager, and the walls fell with the assistance of guns and sounding machines. each machine and a large number of shower of stones and fireballs. The explanation given by Ibn Khaldun in his “History of the Berbers’ also demonstrates the use of guns in time of war. Writes,” Abu Yusuf, the Sultan of Morocco siege in 672 AH (1273) in the city Sijilmassa, and install the tools before the siege of the city. Manjneeq consisted of those instruments, and Urawe Handam which pieces of iron were made. Been completed of these pieces in Handam box, and left behind explosives placed on the fire. The effect was strange, and the results can be called an act of God. One day with the help of a stone thrown by Manjneeq, which is part of the wall fell, and there attacked the city (10). The situation of Muslims in the science of optics. Was made by Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen Latin) a significant contribution in this science. And has already begun with the modern optics. By Brian Allah’s mercy was generally believed from the Greek, Romanian and Islamic scholars rays emitted from the eyes of some objects. Plato said that there are a number of aircraft coming from the object seen. Alexandrians believed that vision lies in the lens of the eye. The Ibn Sina and Al-Biruni, also believed that the radius of the object to the eye. Aristotle’s ideas are very close to a modern view. Adopted atomists atomical theory. Honain son of Isaac in his work entitled “Issues in the eye” to reach a theory somewhat similar to that of Plato. In the view of the lens and the Central Organ of vision. Both the visual impact of the minds and a picture of an object from outside to receive the lens. Razi, in his quest for the nature of the vision has shown that the eye does not shine (11). Ibn al-Haitham change the traditional view by presenting the theory of objects that are considered by the ray to move from their eyes and not the opposite. Most of his successors do not agree with him, but al-Biruni, Ibn Sina independently and fully agree with him. Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham resolved a number of problems with visual mathematical knowledge of his day. Ibn al-Haitham treated with a combination of topics such as the structure of the eye, they are optical, perspective, vision binocular, and seeing the features and shadows, colors, and the old catoptrics dioptrics and new developments, obscura camera, Alhazen problem, mirage, and comets, the Milky Way, rainbow, halos, etc. . Ibn al-Haitham catoptrics studies the problem known as Alhazen this issue. Is as follows: - ”From two points in the plane of the circle to draw lines meeting at a point on the periphery of the angles, and making equality with a natural at that stage.” This leads to a comparison of the fourth degree. Ibn al-Haitham solved by the help of the hyperbolic intersection of the circle. It has solved the cubic equation and the minister called in the professionals. And al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham showed clear progress in experimental techniques. He said he discussed in the spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration dioptrics. He pointed out that the relationship between the angles of incidence and reflection is not constant. He described the power of a magnifying glass and studied refraction in the atmosphere. The Twilight only stops or starts when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon, and tried to rise in the atmosphere on this basis for measurement. A better description of the eye and vision. He tried to explain binocular vision, and provided the correct explanation of the apparent increase in the size of the sun and the moon in the near horizon. The first treatment of sports’ obscura camera. So he treats the issues now under at least seven people, such as anatomy, physiology, psychology, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and meteorology. The full name of Allah’s mercy Haitham, Abu Mohammed bin Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham. He was born in Basra, was born in 354 AH (965 AD). And moved to Egypt where he lived until his death. The noble and brilliant person who was aware of the many sciences. The greatest athlete in his day, one of the largest specialists in the history of optics. Was also well versed in medicine and the Arabic language. When Caliph al-Hakim Al-Hakim, who loved the dual philosophy, Ibn al-Haitham and heard, he had a great desire to see him. Reported that Ibn al-Haytham al-Hakim has said that if it was in Egypt that he had done anything in connection with the River Nile, which eventually became at least, or at the water level was high or low. According to Ibn Haitham, and the river has fallen from a high place in the territory of Egypt. Always was fond of listening to this report Hakim al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham sit. Hakim sent a large amount of money to him, and convinced him to come to his court. Left-Hasan ibn al-Haytham of Egypt. When he arrived at Cairo near the al-Hakim al-Qaeda went to meet him. They met in a village near the door of al-Qaeda Netherlands (the port of Cairo). Hakim honored him all the facilities, and asked him about his promise on the River Nile to play. A group of staff to assist in the implementation of the plan. When al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham survey of the site and arrived at a place called ‘Janadil “(now called the waterfall) in the vicinity of Aswan, located on the ground clearance is high, and said he was aware of the difficulties. Find themselves unable to fulfill its promise, and was ashamed too, and now he feared the wise and get rid of him he acted like a crazy man, and remained in a state of madness until Hakim’s death. Then he came to his senses and settled near the gate of the dome Jami’ah Azhar, and writing books. He died in 1038. Ibn al-Haitham, the owner of many businesses. He summarized the work of Aristotle, and wrote comments. He also outlined many of the medical business Galen. His writings on mathematics, physics, metaphysics, physics, and 15 in the number 44. His books include one on one and plants on the properties of one and a combination of drugs. (12) His book Al-Manazir (Glossary optical), is one of the great classics that have influenced scientific thinking for more than six centuries. Latin, Hebrew, and Muslim writers such as Roger Bacon, John Beckham, Witelo, Ahmed Ben Driss Ben Qarafi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Levi Ben Gerson work on the basis of this great book. Ibn Sina made a deep study of light. He pointed out that if the light is emitted as a result of emission of one type of particles from the light source, the speed of light must be limited. (13) Al-Biruni observed that the speed of light much greater than that of sound. (14) Nasir al-Din al-Tusi wrote two books on optics. One of them, shall have the right to wa-Fi In’ikãs detective Al Shu’a'at In’itafiha (the investigation of reflection and refraction), contains evidence of the equality of angles of incidence and reflection. And the other is entitled “The Book of Liberation Manãzir. In the introduction the author notes that the objects experienced, because light rays coming from them, but what happens when beams of our eyes (15). Foot pole Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311), which was one of the greatest scientists of all time and his views on optics in astronomical work. In one of these works, entitled ‘al-Qaeda, the end of Alorb realize Dirãyat Fi Al topcoat (top understand the science of Globe), he discusses issues of engineering optics and the nature of vision, and finally the rainbow. It was the first one to account adequately for the rainbow. Based explanation of the rainbow in the study of the passage of a ray of light through a transparent area (a drop of water). He discovered that the rainbow is created when the rays are reflected twice and break time (or a jacket in the case of the rainbow secondary), in humid climates. (16) Another important physical and mathematics in the century, 14, Kamal al-Din Abu al-Hasan Persian. He wrote a book entitled “Tanqih Manazir rule (correction of the optics), which is a comprehensive commentary and original Manãzir Ibn al-Haytham in the book (Book of optics), and includes not only the optics of physical and physiological, but the weather also, and view many other topics, and includes Observations on the perspective of the series, and the effects of colors, etc.. It was suggested that Kamal al-Din on the use of lenses Hyperboloid to avoid spherical aberration. An account of the refraction of light. According to George Sarton, it takes into account the following information: the speed of light, but very large, the speed of light in different media is inversely proportional to optical density (not the same density of material). The second of these facts seems to be under the wave theory of light on the theory of particles. Improve Kamal al-Din, and a number of tests on the camera obscura and use of initiated Haitham God’s mercy. The resulting images on the screen in a dark room through the beams of light through a narrow hole, which is independent of the form of ho1e, and a smaller hole, and Photo Unit. It was also proved that the images of many objects are formed separately on the screen, but these images were and reverse instructions. With the help of the camera, note the eclipse and the movements of clouds and birds. (17) Books Hasan, spears (Lancer) Najm al-Din al-Ahadab (Hunchback) on military material. It flourished in Syria. He wrote two treatises on horsemanship and the art of war (1) and Mohammad book group Furusiyah Munasab Harbiyah rule (listen Equestrian and war), (2) the end of Alorb Su’ul Qaeda and Jemaah ‘Umniya Fi’ ta blame Furusiyah Hebron; A’mal. The first article deals with military matters, such as the military operation, and how to use spears, bows, siege engines, and method of fighting at sea and communication of fire, and so has the qualities of fire are different, each considered good and the core content of fireworks nitrous. And explain the methods for preparation and purification by potash and crystal repeated. In the opinion of George Sarton, which is more important than what seems to be a bug of rock salt, hygroscopic and thus tends to destroy value. Found on rock salt and use one thing, purification was the last. (18) Improved the Muslims the art of shipbuilding, and lessons lighter sailors of the Mediterranean sailing ships, boats (building garaf), to fill their boats with tar is still known in the Romance languages which gatran Arabic name (goudron the Father, and. Caltrame) to deal with the sails and ropes (Hable Aaron). (19) References: - 1. A1 Khazini, Abdul Rahman, “the balance of wisdom, Hyderabad Deccan, p. 1359 HIJRI. 1-170. 2. Al Qifti, Youssef Ben Ali Wise Tarikh, Leipzig, 1903, 271 p.. 3. Sarton, George, Introduction to the History of Science, Carneige Washington Institute, 1951, Vol. I, p. 632. 4. Ibid. , Pp. 631. 5. Ibid. , 632. 6. Ibid. , Vol. II, Part II, p. 623. 7. Al Qifti on. Cit. , Pp. 277. 8. Sarton, op. Cit. , Vol. I, p. 707. 9. Ibid. , Vol. II, Part I, p. 24. 10. Balgirami, Ali, Tamaddun e-Arab (Urdu translation of the French work by Le Bon), Hyderabad Deccan, p. 441. 11. Ibid. , Vol I, p. 609. 12. Ibid. , Pp. 721. 13 Ismail Pasha al-Baghdadi, Muhammad Ariffin Hadiyyah, Istanbul, 1951, Vol. II, p. 66. 14. Sarton, op. Cit. , Pp. 707. 15. Ibid. , Pp. 709-713. 16. Ibid. Vol. II, II, p. 1009. 17. Ibid. , Pp. 1018. 18. Ibid. , Volume III, Part I, p. 707. Persian rule, Kamal Al-Din Manazir Tãnqih, Decean Hyderabad, India. 19. Sarton in. Cit. , Vol. II, Part II, p. 1039. 20. Briffault, Dr. Robert, and the creation of mankind, and the Islamic Corporation for the Book, 1980, p. 205.